Boot setup

Booting the Pandora OS from SD

The hardware is capable of booting entirely from SD (as is used for the section above); if the device is bricked or otherwise has a blank NAND, this could be an option. Furthermore you're able to try out alternative operating systems without needing to reinstall your primary operating system and boot your system regularly from one of the SD cards.

There are several possible approaches:

• Boot entirely from SD card, with a single partition (which must support linux permissions, ext2, ext3 etc)
• Boot from SD, but with multiple partitions for boot, root and even swap. It used to be the case that this was necessary, to permit a FAT32 boot partition to exist.
• Setting things up to boot from NAND, but use the SD as a root partition
• More complex mounting strategies, extending a single filesystem across SD and NAND.

Some strategies will require that you keep one SD permanently mounted, and could result in a non-functioning setup if that card is lost. PND files make it easier to swap in and out applications, but any permanent storage required by the application will generally be kept in a separate location.

As described in the Ångström page, the Pandora is able to boot from an SD card. This tutorial explains the steps necessary to create an SD card with a copy of the Angstrom operating system which you can boot. If you do not want to run these steps manually, there also exists a utility (as a standard PND package) which can guide you through that process: Pandora SD installer

Get a copy of the firmware

There are methods you can use to get the data off your Pandora's NAND, this topic discusses them. It is easier, however, to just extract a tar file.

• Take a look here (pandora-rootfs.tar.bz2 is what you want) and get the latest version from the official Open Pandora site. Note that this firmware version may be unstable and comes untested!

• Download this old reference image if you are having trouble with the first link.

• If the two above don't work, you can download an even older image.

• You can also copy your running firmware on the NAND to the SD partition. This is shown in its own section below.

Option 1: Use the GUI-driven SD installer tool

Instead of installing the firmware manually on the SD card (as described further below under "Option 2"), you may use the GUI-driven tool sd_installer.pnd by David Boucher, which automates the entire process. http://repo.openpandora.org/?page=detail&app=sd-install-2011-03-10

You only need the downloaded firmware tarball, the sd_installer.pnd and a suitable SD card.

Option 2: Manually install the OS on the SD card

Partition your SD card

This is an optional step.

If you want to slice your SD card into several partitions (see Setting up mutliple-partition SD cards), you can use the cfdisk command-line tool on the Pandora to create a partition table. Note that - as of Zaxxon HF5 - the Pandora firmware doesn't have a command to format FAT partitions, so if you want to use the FAT/ext2/swap - scheme, you'll have to format the first partition on another system later on (under Windows, use the Disk Management tool).

Assuming your card is in the left slot:

sudo cfdisk -z /dev/mmcblk0

WARNING: mmcblk0 will not necessarily be the left slot. It's the first card that the system recognizes, which is usually the left slot (but not if you inserted an SD into the left slot after you had one in the right slot, for example). Please make sure before you do anything dangerous.

cfdisk -z starts off with a clean partition table - if you want to see what's set up currently, use cfdisk /dev/mmcblk0.

Use only primary partitions (so you're limited to four slices).

Format SD card to ext2

You need to format your SD card to have a single ext2 partition; ext3 also works^[1] and is more reliable^[2]. You can have a second, swap partition, as well if you like. There are command line tools you can use as well as GUI tools.

Using the command line

Take care with using these command line tools, to be certain you are accessing the correct device. They will not ask you and will DESTROY any data on the device. This command will replace an existing partition with an empty EXT2 formatted filesystem (this includes the single FAT partition most SD cards come shipped with). Assuming /dev/mmcblk0p1 for your SD device (left slot, first partition), LABELNAME for the partition:

mkfs.ext2 -L LABELNAME /dev/mmcblk0p1

If you run into problems with formatting the SD card, try unmounting it first:

sudo umount /media/[LABELNAME of SD card]

Using a GUI tool

The GUI tools are simple enough that you shouldn't need someone to tell you how to use them. For now this is left as an exercise left for the reader (until someone wants to write up how to do it).

Copy and boot

Copy the files to your SD card

Navigate (cd) to the directory with the .tar.bz2 file you just downloaded (or made) and do:

sudo tar -xvjf <tarfile>.tar.bz2 -C <SD card>

If you're doing this on your Pandora, <SD card> is something like /media/mmcblk0p1 (first SD card slot on Pandora). On Ubuntu it would be something like /media/disk if it has no label. You can also try using GUI tools for this, but I didn't have very good luck with them.

OR copy your firmware from the NAND to the SD card

The following will ask for your password. All the operations need root permissions so I thought it would be wasteful to sprinkle sudo to everything. We will bind mount the root fs to an alternative location ("/mp"), under which other filesystems mounted under root (like the kernel virtual filesystems /proc and /sys, and your SD card.) wont be visible. This allows us to take a live copy of the NAND contents to the SD filesystem.

sudo su
mkdir /mp
mount --bind / /mp
cp -va /mp/* /media/<SD card>
umount /mp
rmdir /mp
exit

Set up your boot.txt

Create a new file called boot.txt (or autoboot.txt if you want to boot automatically) and copy and paste the text below. Copy that file to the root of the root of the SD card.

boot.txt (from the official firmware site)

setenv bootargs root=/dev/mmcblk0p1 rw rootwait vram=6272K omapfb.vram=0:3000K mmc_core.removable=0
ext2load mmc 0 0x80300000 /boot/uImage-3
bootm 0x80300000

Note: depending on firmware version kernels might be at several, sometimes multiple locations, so you have to choose one:

• /boot/uImage-3 - the default 3.2 kernel (recommended)
• /lib/boot/uImage - alternative location of 3.2 kernel on certain older firmwares
• /boot/uImage - the old 2.6 kernel

Be aware though that this boot.txt assumes you have formatted your card with ext2 and loads the kernel off the SD card. It is possible to boot the kernel from NAND with following boot.txt

setenv bootargs root=/dev/mmcblk0p1 rw rootwait vram=6272K omapfb.vram=0:3000K mmc_core.removable=0
ubi part boot && ubifsmount boot && ubifsload ${loadaddr} uImage && bootm ${loadaddr} && boot

However this is not recommended because kernel modules on SD card will likely be not compatible with kernel on NAND.

Both boot.txt's assume you are booting from the left SD card slot, first partition. You can change "mmcblk0p1" to "mmcblk1p1" if you want to boot from the right slot (but boot.txt must still be on a card on the left slot). Note: If you chose ext3 instead of ext2, the second line still starts with ext2load. There is no ext3load.

Setting up mutliple-partition SD cards for booting

It is possible to have several partitions on the SD card and boot from one of them. E.g. if you have three partitions on the card like this:

• Partition 1: FAT
• Partition 2: ext2 (where the rootfs should be placed)
• Partition 3: swap

How it's done:

1. Put uBoot's boot control files "boot.txt" and/or "autoboot.txt" into the root of the first partition of the card (FAT partition in this example)

2. Make "boot.txt" and "autoboot.txt" point U-Boot to the partition, which holds the root file system of your Linux system. This would be parition 2 in this example (ext2 FS). This is done using the "root" parameter of setenv.

3. Make "boot.txt" and "autoboot.txt" point U-Boot to the correct location to boot your kernel from. This kernel location can be any FAT or ext2/3/4 partition on the SD card. The uBoot commands "fatload" and "ext2load" with their parameter "mmc x:y" are repsonsible for loading the kernel. Choose the command, which addresses the file system the kernel is located on and make sure to correctly adapt the values x and y.

This common example boots the kernel from the FAT partition (then this is a "boot partition"), and uses the ext2 file system as root FS:

setenv bootargs root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootwait vram=6272K omapfb.vram=0:3000K mmc_core.removable=0
fatload mmc 0:1 0x80300000 uimage
bootm 0x80300000

If you put the kernel into the root file system's /boot directory, the second line would be different:

setenv bootargs root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootwait vram=6272K omapfb.vram=0:3000K mmc_core.removable=0
ext2load mmc 0:2 0x80300000 /boot/uImage
bootm 0x80300000

Note:

For "root=" kernel argument, slot numbering begins at 0 (0 is left SD slot, 1 is right SD slot) and partition numbering begins at 1!

For "mmc x:y" agrument of the fatload/ext2load commands, x is the card number (0 is left slot, 1 is right slot), y is the partition number, beginning at 1(!).

Recommendation:

Put the kernel into another partition than the root FS is located. Reason: In case the root FS partition is flagged "inconsistent" after a system crash or sudden SD card removal, uBoot won't be able to boot from that partition anymore. But the file system cleanup routines can only be run, once the kernel has been booted. Hence it's safer to put the kernel on a different partition.

Boot the system

As you power up the Pandora, hold the shoulder button R. A menu should appear, allowing you to boot from the SD card. (this step isn't necessary if you chose to create an autoboot.txt instead of boot.txt). Remember that this will be an un-configured image, taking a little while longer to boot, and giving the first-run dialogue.

Access the NAND

Once you're booted into the system from SD, you may want access to the NAND rootfs. The following will let you do that.

sudo mkdir /mnt/nand
sudo ubiattach /dev/ubi_ctrl -m 4
sudo mount -t ubifs ubi0:rootfs /mnt/nand

Other information

An alternative approach to using an SD card to increase the space accessible to the system is OS Extend. This allows the root filesystem to exist on more than one physical device.

References

• Skeezix's blog
• GP32x Forum Topic, "Up to date firmware tarball"
• Official firmware page
• The GUI-driven SD installer by David Boucher